作定语;作表语;现在分词在句中作宾语补足语,这时现在分词和前面的宾语有逻辑上的“主表”关系或“主谓”关系;作状语,现在分词作状语,其逻辑主语一般是句中的主语;现在分词的完成式表示它发生在主句谓语动词表示的动作之前;现在分词的被动式;现在分词的否定形式是由not加现在分词构成。
现在分词的七种用法:
(一)作定语
1、动词现在分词单独作定语,通常放在所修饰词前。
例如:The sleeping boy is Tom.
2、现在分词短语作定语放在所修饰词的后面,意思同定语从句差不多。
例如:
Tell the children playing outside not to make too much noise. = Tell the children who are playing outside not to make too much noise.
3、现在分词可相当于非限制性定语,常用逗号分开。
例如:
Tom, wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill. = Tom, who is wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill.
4、有时现在分词可以和副词或名词构成复合词作定语。
例如:This is an English-speaking country.
(二)作表语
现在分词作表语多表示主语的特征。
如amusing, discouraging, puzzling, refreshing, astonishing, exciting 等。
例如:
The story is moving.
(三)现在分词在句中作宾语补足语,这时现在分词和前面的宾语有逻辑上的“主表”关系或“主谓”关系。
例如:
We all found his equipment interesting. (主表关系)
I saw Mary going upstairs then. (主谓关系)
(四)作状语
现在分词作状语,其逻辑主语一般是句中的主语,如果不是,需在V-ing 形式前加名词或代词主格作逻辑主语。
1、作原因状语,相当于原因状语从句。
例如:Being ill, Mary didn't come to school yesterday.
2、作时间状语,相当于时间状语从句。
例如:
Seeing their teacher coming, the students stopped talking.
如果现在分词表示的动作与谓语表示的动作同时发生,常在现在分词前加上when或while。
例如:While waiting for the plane, I had a long talk with Simon.
3、作条件状语。
V-ing 形式作条件状语时,相当于一个条件状语从句。例如:Working harder, you'll be No. 1 in your class.
4、作让步状语,相当于让步状语从句。
例如:
Weighing almost two hundred jin, the stone was moved by him alone.
5、作结果状语。
例如:
He died, leaving nothing but debts.
6、作伴随状语或方式状语。
例如:He sat by the roadside, begging.
(五)现在分词的完成式表示它发生在主句谓语动词表示的动作之前。
例如:Having finished his homework, he left the classroom.
(六)现在分词的被动式
当句子的主语是动作的承受者时,用V-ing 形式的被动式。
例如:The factory being built now is a big one.
(七)现在分词的否定形式是由“not + 现在分词”构成。
例如:Not having been invited to the party, she had to stay home.
一般形式: doing
完成形式:having done
一般形式的被动形式: being done
完成形式的被动形式:having been done
注: 现在分词与动名词都是动词的-ing形式,它们在形式上是完全一样的。它们主要的区别是在句子中充当的成分(角色)有所不同。当动词的-ing形式用于充当主语,宾语时,即为动名词。而当动词的-ing形式在句中充当非名词性成分(如:定语,状语和补语)时,我们即视其为现在分词。
另外,动名词与现在分词都可以作表语,但也是有区别的。动名词相当于一个名词,所以作表语时是用来说明主语的内容的。而现在分词作表语时相当于形容词,是用来说明主语的性质、特征的。